Forward contract cover locked in for 100% of 2025, 96% of 2026, and 74% of 2027. 

Maximizing strategic optionality while also returning capital to shareholders.

Annualized dividend to increase to $2.50 per Class A Common Share.

ATHENS, Greece, Nov. 10, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Global Ship Lease, Inc. (NYSE:GSL) (the "Company", "Global Ship Lease" or "GSL"), an owner of containerships, announced today its unaudited results for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025.

Third Quarter of 2025 and Year to Date Highlights and Other Recent Developments

George Youroukos, our Executive Chairman, stated: "Throughout 2025, the immense complexity and instability of the geopolitical situation and the heightened uncertainty around trade policy have stood in stark contrast to the consistency and strength of the mid-sized and smaller containership charter market. In this environment, our commitment to maximizing optionality in both our fleet and our balance sheet has continued to serve GSL well, both in terms of growing our quarterly earnings and in our ability to secure additional forward charter coverage at attractive rates for the multi-year period ahead. A growing number of external factors and disruptions is progressively fragmenting and reducing the efficiency of the global containership supply chain and, as a consequence, increasing the number of ships required to move a given quantity of cargo. Diffusion of intermediate and final manufacturing out from China and across Southeast Asia; companies in large consumer economies diversifying the sourcing and geographic origins of goods to manage supply chain risk; China developing and diversifying its end-markets; sudden trade policy changes disrupting or diverting trade flows – all of these factors are driving the liners to seek additional, flexible tonnage to meet the practical needs of their existing business. While routing, timing, and deployments are all in flux, the reality is that containerized trade continues to grow. With idle capacity in the global fleet almost non-existent, we continue to negotiate and sign attractively priced charters off forward positions. 2025 is fully covered, 2026 is approaching full coverage, and our open positions in 2027 are reducing fast. Driven by those newly signed charters that have brought our revenue backlog to nearly $2 billion over an average of 2.5 years, we have decided to once again increase our supplemental quarterly dividend. We are raising it by a further $0.40 per common share on an annualized basis, an uplift of 19%, which will push our overall dividend up to $2.50 per common share, annualized. By way of the supplemental dividend, we have now up-sized our overall dividend three times since 2Q 2024, by an aggregate annualized total of $1.00 per common share, an increase of 67%. We remain both vigilant and disciplined in our assessment of fleet renewal opportunities and believe that we are well positioned to act decisively when the right opportunities present themselves."

Thomas Lister, our Chief Executive Officer, stated: "Surveying the current landscape of global containerized trade and an unprecedented array of unpredictable factors of potential relevance to our business, our conviction in a strategy of maximizing optionality has only grown stronger. We are continuing to de-lever our fortress balance sheet and achieve extraordinarily low breakeven costs despite an inflationary environment; to sign attractive charters that add to our cashflow and our multi-year backlog; and to combine prudence and agility in our opportunistic fleet renewal, while demonstrating our commitment to return capital to our shareholders. We acknowledge that the unknowns in the market are diverse and potentially material. However, with 2.5 years of fixed-rate charter coverage and financial leverage of 0.5x, we are confident that our disciplined, dynamic approach puts us in an excellent position to manage risks and capitalize on opportunities going forward."

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA – UNAUDITED

(thousands of U.S. dollars)

 ThreeThreeNineNine
 months endedmonths endedmonths endedmonths ended
 September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025September 30, 2024
     
Operating Revenues(1)192,668174,064575,502528,622
Operating Income99,20392,189329,463283,130
Net Income(2)92,63578,763306,698253,912
Adjusted EBITDA(3)130,191123,349396,672371,061
Normalized Net Income(3)93,75586,583283,181262,295
     

(1) Operating Revenues are net of address commissions which represent a discount provided directly to a charterer based on a fixed percentage of the agreed upon charter rate and also includes the amortization of intangible liabilities, the effect of the straight lining of time charter modifications and the compensation from charterers for drydock and for other capitalized expenses for vessel upgrades or retrofits. Brokerage commissions are included in "Time charter and voyage expenses" (see below).

(2) Net Income available to common shareholders.

(3) Adjusted EBITDA, Normalized Net Income, and Normalized Earnings per Share are non-U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("U.S. GAAP") financial measures, as explained further in this press release, and are considered by Global Ship Lease to be useful measures of its performance. For reconciliations of these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, please see "Reconciliation of Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures" below.

Operating Revenues and Utilization

Operating revenues derived from fixed-rate, mainly long-term, time-charters were $192.7 million in the third quarter of 2025, up $18.6 million (or 10.7%) on operating revenues of $174.1 million in the prior year period. The period-on-period increase in operating revenues was principally due to (i) the net effect of higher rates on charter renewals, (ii) the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025 and (iii) a non-cash $4.1 million positive effect from straight lining time charter modifications and a non-cash $1.8 million increase in the amortization of intangible liabilities arising from below-market charters attached to certain vessel additions. There were 263 days of offhire and idle time in the third quarter of 2025, of which 137 were for scheduled drydockings, compared to 362 days of offhire and idle time in the prior year period, of which 333 were for scheduled drydockings. Utilization for the third quarter of 2025 was 95.9% compared to utilization of 94.2% in the prior year period.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, operating revenues were $575.5 million, up $46.9 million (or 8.9%) on operating revenues of $528.6 million in the comparative period, mainly due to (i) the net effect of higher rates on charter renewals (ii) the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025 and (iii) a non-cash $5.6 million positive effect from straight lining time charter modifications and a non-cash $5.4 million increase in the amortization of intangible liabilities arising from below-market charters attached to certain vessel additions offset by an increase in off hire days. There were 851 days of offhire and idle time in the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 of which 612 were for scheduled drydockings, compared to 619 days of offhire and idle time in the prior year of which 519 were for scheduled drydockings. Utilization for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was 95.5% compared to utilization of 96.7% in the prior year period.

Our revenue origin by country, using the respective head office location of each of our charterers as a proxy for origin, for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, was as follows:

Unaudited Revenue origin by country1Nine months ended September 30, 2025Nine months ended September 30, 2024
 Revenue (USD million)Percentage of revenueRevenue (USD million)Percentage of revenue
Denmark (Maersk)185.4932.23%176.9333.47%
Germany (Hapag Lloyd)110.6419.23%31.395.94%
France (CMA CGM)104.9618.24%123.9923.46%
Switzerland (MSC)63.3711.01%46.328.76%
Israel (ZIM)51.458.94%65.2612.35%
China, including Hong Kong (COSCO & OOCL)32.485.64%39.187.41%
Singapore (ONE, Swire Shipping, RCL Feeder)19.033.31%22.844.32%
USA (Matson)5.801.00%9.621.82%
Taiwan (Wan Hai)2.280.40%10.401.97%
Denmark / Dubai (Unifeeder)2-- 2.680.50%
Total575.50100.00%528.61100.00%
       
  1. Based on jurisdiction of head office of each charterer
  2. Unifeeder is headquartered in Denmark, but owned by DP World (Dubai)

The table below shows unaudited fleet utilization data for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

 Three months ended Nine months ended Year ended
 Sep 30, Sep 30,  Sep 30, Sep 30,  Dec 31, Dec 31, Dec 31, Dec 31, 
Days2025 2024  2025 2024  2024 2023 2022 2021 
           
Ownership days6,348 6,256  19,031 18,632  24,937 24,285 23,725 19,427 
Planned offhire - scheduled drydock(137)(333) (612)(519) (807)(701)(581)(752)
Unplanned offhire(126)(29) (196)(98) (144)(233)(460)(260)
Idle time- -  (43)(2) (15)(62)(30)(88)
Operating days6,085 5,894  18,180 18,013  23,971 23,289 22,654 18,327 
           
Utilization95.9%94.2% 95.5%96.7% 96.1%95.9%95.5%94.3%
                   

As of September 30, 2025, three regulatory drydockings were in progress and three further regulatory drydockings are anticipated.

Vessel Operating Expenses

Vessel operating expenses, which are primarily the costs of crew, lubricating oil, repairs, maintenance, insurance and technical management fees, were up 11.8% to $52.1 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $46.6 million in the prior year period. The increase of $5.5 million was mainly due to (i) the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025, (ii) an increase in stores, spares and maintenance expenses for planned main engine maintenance and overhaul of diesel generators as well as main engine annual spares delivery due to timing of planned schedule, and (iii) the impact of inflation on fees and expenses, including management fees. The average cost per ownership day in the quarter was $8,199, compared to $7,447 for the prior year period, up $752 per day, or 10.1%.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, vessel operating expenses were $152.6 million, or an average of $8,017 per day, compared to $141.6 million in the comparative period, or $7,601 per day, an increase of $416 per ownership day, or 5.5%. The increase of $11.0 million was mainly due to (i) the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025, (ii) an increase in crew expenses following our decision to increase the number of seafarers on board to improve the vessels' conditions, (iii) an increase in stores, spares and maintenance expenses for planned main engine maintenance and overhaul of diesel generators as well as main engine annual spares delivery due to timing of planned schedule, and (iv) the impact of inflation on fees and expenses, including management fees.

Time Charter and Voyage Expenses

Time charter and voyage expenses comprise mainly commissions paid to ship brokers, the cost of bunker fuel for owner's account when a ship is off-hire or idle, and miscellaneous owner's costs associated with a ship's voyage. Time charter and voyage expenses were $7.0 million for the third quarter of 2025, compared to $6.4 million in the prior year period due to (i) an increase in voyage administration costs and operational requests from charterers and (ii) an increase in commissions on charter renewals at higher rates, offset by decreases in bunkering expenses due to lower off hire days.

For the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, time charter and voyage expenses were $18.6 million, or an average of $975 per day, compared to $17.1 million in the comparative period, or $915 per day, an increase of $60 per ownership day, or 6.6% mainly due to increased commissions on charter renewals at higher rates and increase in bunkering expenses due to higher off hire days.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization for the third quarter of 2025 was $30.7 million, compared to $25.0 million in the prior year period. The increase was mainly due to the 12 drydockings completed after September 30, 2024 and the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels in December 2024 offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025.

Depreciation and amortization for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $90.8 million, compared to $73.8 million in the comparative period, mainly due to the factors noted above plus the acquisition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels in December 2024 offset by the sale of Tasman, Keta and Akiteta in the first quarter of 2025.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $3.7 million in the third quarter of 2025, compared to $3.9 million in the comparative period.

General and administrative expenses were $12.4 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $13.0 million in the comparative period. The movement was mainly due to the decrease in payroll expenses following the retirement of our former Chief Executive Officer effective March 31, 2024 plus a reduction in the non-cash charge for stock-based compensation expense.

Gain on sale of vessels

Tasman (5,900 TEU, built 2000), Akiteta (2,200 TEU, built 2002), and Keta (2,200 TEU, built 2003) were sold for an aggregate gain of $28.3 million in the first quarter of 2025.

Adjusted EBITDA1

Adjusted EBITDA was $130.2 million for the third quarter of 2025, up from $123.3 million for the prior year period, with the net increase being mainly due to increased revenue from charter renewals at higher rates and the addition of the four Newly Acquired Vessels.

Adjusted EBITDA for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $396.7 million, compared to $371.1 million for the comparative period, an increase of $25.6 million or 6.9% mainly due to increased revenue from charter renewals at higher rates.

Interest Expense and Interest Income

Debt as at September 30, 2025 totaled $731.6 million, after inclusion of the four Newly Acquired Vessels, comprising $330.0 million of secured bank debt collateralized by vessels, $192.5 million of 2027 Secured Notes collateralized by vessels, and $209.1 million under sale and leaseback financing transactions. As of September 30, 2025, 17 of our vessels were unencumbered.

Debt as at September 30, 2024 totaled $688.0 million, comprising $397.6 million of secured bank debt collateralized by vessels, $245.0 million of 2027 Secured Notes collateralized by vessels, and $45.4 million under sale and leaseback financing transactions. As of September 30, 2024, 16 vessels were unencumbered.

Interest and other finance expenses for the third quarter of 2025 were $9.5 million, down from $12.5 million for the prior year period. The decrease was due to (i) the non-cash write off of deferred financing costs of $2.7 million on the full repayments of six of our credit facilities and two of our sale and leaseback agreements, and (ii) a prepayment fee of $0.7 million on the full repayment of the sale and leaseback agreement with CMBFL back in 2024, offset by the fact that our additional floating debt was not covered by the caps since our interest rate caps hedge 76% of our floating rate debt. In March 2025, we entered into a loan agreement with UBS for $85.0 million, to refinance certain of our existing loans. The new loan is priced at SOFR + 2.15% and has a maturity of three years. During March of 2025, we fully repaid the outstanding balance of ESUN Credit Facility amounting to $5.9 million. During April of 2025, we fully repaid the outstanding balance of the Macquarie Credit Facility amounting to $17.5 million and the outstanding balance of the HCOB-CACIB Credit Facility amounting to $46.8 million.

Interest and other finance expenses for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 were $30.0 million, down from $32.8 million for the prior year period. The decrease was due to the factors mentioned above offset by (i) a prepayment fee of $0.2 million following the full repayment of Macquarie Credit Facility and (iii) the non-cash write off of deferred financing costs of $0.6 million on the full repayments of the Macquarie Credit Facility and the HCOB-CACIB Credit Facility in 2025.

Interest income for the third quarter of 2025 was $5.4 million, up from $4.7 million for the prior year period mainly due to higher invested amounts.

Interest income for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $13.3 million, up from $12.5 million in the comparative period.

Other income, net

Other income, net was $1.0 million in the third quarter of 2025, the same as in the comparative period.

Other income, net was $5.0 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, compared to $3.2 million for the comparative period.

Fair value adjustment on derivatives

In December 2021, we entered into a USD 1-month LIBOR interest rate cap of 0.75% through the fourth quarter of 2026 on $484.1 million of floating rate debt, which reduces over time in line with anticipated debt amortization and represented approximately half of the outstanding floating rate debt. In February 2022, we entered into two additional USD 1-month LIBOR interest rate caps of 0.75% through the fourth quarter of 2026 on the remaining balance of $507.9 million of floating rate debt. As a result of the discontinuation of LIBOR, on July 1, 2023, our interest rate caps automatically transited to 1 month Compounded SOFR at a net rate of 0.64%. A negative fair value adjustment of $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2025 was recorded through the statement of income. The negative fair value adjustment for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $3.9 million.

Earnings Allocated to Preferred Shares

Our Series B Preferred Shares carry a coupon of 8.75%, the cost of which for the third quarter of 2025 was $2.4 million, the same as in the prior year period.

The cost for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $7.2 million, the same as for the comparative period.

Net Income Available to Common Shareholders

Net income available to common shareholders for the third quarter of 2025 was $92.6 million. Net income available to common shareholders for the prior year period was $78.8 million.

Earnings per share for the third quarter of 2025 was $2.59, an increase of 16.7% from the earnings per share for the prior year period, which was $2.22.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, net income available to common shareholders was $306.7 million. Net income available to common shareholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $253.9 million.

Earnings per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $8.60, an increase of 19.4% from the earnings per share for the comparative period, which was $7.20.

Normalized net income1 for the third quarter of 2025 was $93.8 million. Normalized net income for the prior year period was $86.6 million. Normalized earnings per share1 for the third quarter of 2025 was $2.62, an increase of 6.9% from Normalized earnings per share for the prior year period, which was $2.45.

Normalized net income1 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $283.2 million. Normalized net income for the prior year period was $262.3 million. Normalized earnings per share1 for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025 was $7.94, an increase of 6.7% from Normalized earnings per share for the prior year period, which was $7.44.

1 Adjusted EBITDA, Normalized net income, and Normalized earnings per share are non-U.S. GAAP financial measures, as explained further in this press release, and are considered by Global Ship Lease to be useful measures of its performance. For reconciliations of these non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, please see "Reconciliation of Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures" below.

Fleet

As of September 30, 2025, there were 69 containerships in the fleet, detailed in the table below:

Vessel Name

Capacity in TEUsLightweight (tons)Year BuiltChartererEarliest Charter Expiry DateLatest Charter Expiry Date (2)Daily Charter Rate $
        
CMA CGM Thalassa11,04038,5772008CMA CGM3Q284Q2847,200 (3)
ZIM Norfolk (1)  9,11531,7642015ZIM2Q274Q2765,000
Anthea Y (1)9,11531,8902015MSC4Q281Q29Footnote (4)
ZIM Xiamen (1)9,11531,8202015ZIM3Q274Q2765,000
Sydney Express (1)9,01931,2542016Hapag-Lloyd3Q274Q29Footnote (5)
Istanbul Express (1)9,01931,3802016Hapag-Lloyd3Q262Q30Footnote (5)
Bremerhaven Express (1)9,01931,1992015Hapag Lloyd2Q273Q29Footnote (5)
Czech (1)9,01931,3192015Hapag-Lloyd4Q263Q30Footnote (5)
MSC Tianjin8,60334,2432005MSC (6)3Q271Q28Footnote (6)
MSC Qingdao8,60334,5862004MSC (6)3Q274Q27Footnote (6)
GSL Ningbo8,60334,3402004MSC3Q271Q28Footnote (7)
GSL Alexandra8,54437,8092004Maersk (8)2Q283Q28Footnote (8)
GSL Sofia8,54437,7772003Maersk (8)3Q283Q28Footnote (8)
GSL Effie8,54437,7772003Maersk (8)3Q283Q28Footnote (8)
GSL Lydia8,54437,7772003Maersk (8)2Q283Q28Footnote (8)
GSL Eleni7,84729,2612004Maersk4Q272Q29Footnote (9)
GSL Kalliopi7,84729,2612004Maersk1Q283Q29Footnote (9)
GSL Grania7,84729,2612004Maersk1Q283Q29Footnote (9)
Colombia Express (ex Mary) (1) 7,07223,4242013Hapag-Lloyd4Q281Q31Footnote (10)
Panama Express (ex Kristina) (1) 7,07223,4212013Hapag-Lloyd4Q294Q31Footnote (10)
Costa Rica Express (ex Katherine) (1) 7,07223,4032013Hapag-Lloyd2Q293Q31Footnote (10)
Nicaragua Express (ex Alexandra) (1)7,07223,3482013Hapag-Lloyd3Q294Q31Footnote (10)
CMA CGM Berlioz7,02326,7762001CMA CGM (11)1Q292Q2937,750 (11)
Mexico Express (ex Alexis) (1)6,91823,9702015Hapag-Lloyd3Q294Q31Footnote (10)
Jamaica Express (ex Olivia I) (1)6,91823,9152015Hapag-Lloyd3Q294Q31Footnote (10)
GSL Christen6,85827,9542002Maersk4Q271Q28Footnote (12)
GSL Nicoletta6,85828,0702002Maersk1Q282Q28Footnote (12)
Agios Dimitrios6,57224,9312011MSC2Q273Q27Footnote (6)
GSL Vinia6,08023,7372004Maersk1Q284Q29Footnote (13)
GSL Christel Elisabeth6,08023,7452004Maersk1Q283Q29Footnote (13)
GSL Arcadia6,00824,8582000Maersk (14)1Q292Q2912,700 (14)
GSL Violetta6,00824,8732000Maersk (14)1Q291Q2912,900 (14)
GSL Maria6,00824,4142001Maersk (14)1Q302Q3012,900 (14)
GSL MYNY6,00824,8762000Maersk (14)1Q292Q2912,700 (14)
GSL Melita6,00824,8592001Maersk (14)3Q293Q2912,700 (14)
GSL Tegea5,99424,3082001Maersk (14)3Q294Q2912,700 (14)
GSL Dorothea5,99424,2432001Maersk (14)3Q293Q2912,700 (14)
Dimitris Y (ex Zim Europe) (27)5,93625,0102000ONE4Q254Q2533,900
Ian H5,93625,1282000COSCO4Q274Q27Footnote (15)
GSL Tripoli5,47022,1092009Maersk3Q274Q2717,250
GSL Kithira5,47022,2592009Maersk4Q271Q2817,250
GSL Tinos5,47022,0682010Maersk3Q274Q2717,250
GSL Syros5,47022,0992010Maersk4Q274Q2717,250
Orca I5,30820,6332006Maersk (16)3Q284Q2821,000 (16)
Dolphin II5,09520,5962007Footnote (16)1Q282Q28Footnote (16)
CMA CGM Alcazar5,08920,0872007CMA CGM3Q261Q2735,500
GSL Château d'If5,08919,9942007CMA CGM4Q261Q2735,500
GSL Susan4,36317,3092008CMA CGM3Q271Q28Footnote (17)
CMA CGM Jamaica4,29817,2722006CMA CGM1Q282Q28Footnote (17)
CMA CGM Sambhar4,04517,3552006CMA CGM1Q282Q28Footnote (17)
CMA CGM America4,04517,3552006CMA CGM1Q282Q28Footnote (17)
GSL Rossi3,42116,4202012ZIM1Q263Q2635,000
GSL Alice3,42116,5432014CMA CGM2Q283Q28Footnote (3)
GSL Eleftheria3,42116,6422013Maersk (18)3Q284Q2837,975 (18)
GSL Melina3,40416,7032013Maersk4Q264Q2629,900
Athena2,98013,5382003Footnote (19)2Q273Q27Footnote (19)
GSL Valerie2,82411,9712005ZIM2Q273Q27Footnote (20)
GSL Mamitsa (ex Matson Molokai)2,82411,9492007RCL1Q282Q28Footnote (21)
GSL Lalo2,82411,9502006Footnote (22)2Q273Q27Footnote (22)
GSL Mercer2,82411,9702007ONE1Q272Q27Footnote (23)
GSL Elizabeth2,74111,5302006Maersk2Q262Q2620,360
GSL Chloe (ex Beethoven)2,54612,2122012ONE1Q272Q27Footnote (23)
GSL Maren2,54612,2432014OOCL1Q262Q2616,500
Maira2,50611,4532000CMA CGM4Q261Q2726,000
Nikolas2,50611,3702000CMA CGM4Q262Q2726,000
Newyorker2,50611,4632001Maersk2Q273Q27Footnote (24)
Manet2,28811,5342001OOCL3Q264Q2624,000
Kumasi2,22011,6522002MSC4Q261Q27Footnote (25)
Julie2,20711,7312002Footnote (26)3Q273Q27Footnote (26)
        
        
        
(1) Modern design, high reefer capacity, fuel-efficient "ECO" vessel. 

(2) In many instances, charterers have the option to extend a charter beyond the nominal latest expiry date by the amount of time that the vessel was off hire during the course of that charter. This additional charter time ("Offhire Extension") is computed at the end of the initially contracted charter period. The Latest Charter Expiry Dates shown in this table have been adjusted to reflect offhire accrued up to September 30, 2025, plus estimated offhire scheduled to occur during the remaining lifetimes of the respective charters. However, as actual offhire can only be calculated at the end of each charter, in some cases actual Offhire Extensions – if invoked by charterers – may exceed the Latest Charter Expiry Dates indicated.

(3) CMA CGM Thalassa and GSL Alice were both forward fixed for 36 months +/- 45 days. CMA CGM Thalassa's new charter is expected to commence in 4Q2025 and GSL Alice's new charter commenced in 2Q2025 and are expected to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $14.0 million and $8.3 million, respectively.

(4) Anthea Y. The current charter is expected to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $11.8 million. Anthea Y was forward fixed for 36 months +/- 30 days. The new charter is expected to commence in 4Q 2025 and to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $12.6 million.

(5) Sydney Express, Istanbul Express, Bremerhaven Express and Czech were contracted for purchase in 4Q 2024, with three vessels delivered in December 2024 and the fourth in January 2025. Contract cover for each vessel is for a varied median firm duration extending for an average of 1.7 years, or up to an average of 5.1 years if all charterers' options are exercised. Sydney Express, Istanbul Express, Bremerhaven Express and Czech charters are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $9.5 million per ship. 12 months extension options were exercised in 3Q 2025 for Bremerhaven Express and Sydney Express.

(6) MSC Tianjin, MSC Qingdao and Agios Dimitrios charters are expected to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $6.9 million, $8.1 million, and $5.9 million, respectively. MSC Qingdao & Agios Dimitrios are fitted with Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems ("scrubbers"). 

(7) GSL Ningbo is chartered at a rate expected to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $16.5 million.

(8) GSL Alexandra, GSL Sofia, GSL Effie and GSL Lydia were delivered in 2Q 2023. Contract cover for each vessel is for a minimum firm period of 24 months from the date each vessel was delivered, with charterers holding one year extension options. GSL Sofia and GSL Effie options were exercised in January 2025. GSL Alexandra and GSL Lydia options were exercised in February 2025. The vessels are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $9.7 million per ship over the median firm period and average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of $4.9 million per ship if one year option is exercised. The vessels were forward fixed for 24 months +/- 30 days. The new charters are expected to commence between 2Q-3Q 2026 and are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $8.2 million per ship. 

(9) GSL Eleni, GSL Kalliopi and GSL Grania, are chartered for 35 – 38 months, after which the charterer has the option to extend each charter for a further 12 – 16 months. New charters commenced in 1Q 2025 and each is expected to generate annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $9.6 million for the firm period.

(10) Colombia Express (ex Mary), Panama Express (ex Kristina), Costa Rica Express (ex Katherine), Nicaragua Express (ex Alexandra), Mexico Express (ex Alexis), Jamaica Express (ex Olivia I) are fixed to Hapag-Lloyd for 60 months +/- 45 days, followed by two periods of 12 months each at the option of the charterer. The charters are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $13.1 million per ship.

(11) CMA CGM Berlioz was forward fixed for 36 – 38 months. The new charter is expected to commence in 1Q 2026 and to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $7.0 million.

(12) GSL Nicoletta and GSL Christen charters are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $11.3 million per ship.

(13) GSL Vinia and GSL Christel Elizabeth are chartered for 36 – 40 months, after which the charterer has the option to extend each charter for a further 12 – 15 months. The new charters both commenced in 1Q 2025. The charters are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $11.2 million per ship for the firm period and $5.8 million per ship for the option period.

(14) GSL Maria, GSL Violetta, GSL Arcadia, GSL MYNY, GSL Melita, GSL Tegea and GSL Dorothea. Contract cover for each ship is for a firm period of at least three years from the date each vessel was delivered in 2021, with charterers holding a one-year extension option on each charter (at a rate of $12,900 per day), followed by a second option (at a rate of $12,700 per day) with the period determined by – and terminating prior to – each vessel's 25th year drydocking & special survey. The first extension options have been exercised for all seven ships. Second extension options were exercised in January 2025 for GSL Dorothea, GSL Arcadia, GSL Melita and GSL Tegea, in April 2025 for GSL MYNY and in September 2025 for GSL Maria. The vessels were forward fixed for 36 – 38 months. The new charters are expected to commence between 1Q 2026 and 1Q 2027 and are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $5.8 million per ship. 

(15) Ian H charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $10.3 million.

(16) Dolphin II. Chartered by a leading liner company from 1Q 2025. Orca I. Forward fixed to a leading liner company, with the new charter expected to commence in 4Q 2025. Each charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $10.1 million per ship.

(17) GSL Susan, CMA CGM Jamaica, CMA CGM Sambhar and CMA CGM America are chartered at rates expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $11.2 million per vessel. 

(18) GSL Eleftheria was forward fixed for 33 – 37 months. The new charter is expected to commence in 4Q 2025 and is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $8.7 million. 

(19) Athena is fixed for 24 – 30 months. The charter commenced in 3Q 2025 and is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $5.8 million. 

(20) GSL Valerie. The charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $6.6 million.

(21) GSL Mamitsa. The charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $7.1 million.

(22) GSL Lalo. The charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $5.6 million.

(23) GSL Mercer and GSL Chloe. The charters are expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $5.8 million per vessel.

(24) Newyorker is chartered at a rate expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $6.2 million.

(25) Kumasi is chartered at a rate expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $4.4 million.

(26) Julie. The charter is expected to generate average annualized Adjusted EBITDA of approximately $3.0 million.

(27) In May 2025, Dimitris Y was contracted to be sold and was delivered to the buyers on October 13, 2025, upon redelivery from the existing charter. 
 

Conference Call and Webcast

Global Ship Lease will hold a conference call to discuss the Company's results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 today, Monday, November 10, 2025 at 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time. There are two ways to access the conference call:

(1) Dial-in: (646) 307-1963 or (800) 715-9871; Event ID: 9222938

Please dial in at least 10 minutes prior to 10:30 a.m. Eastern Time to ensure a prompt start to the call.

(2) Live Internet webcast and slide presentation: http://www.globalshiplease.com

The webcast will also be archived on the Company's website: http://www.globalshiplease.com.

Annual Report on Form 20-F

The Company's Annual Report for 2024 was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on March 18, 2025. A copy of the report can be found under the Investor Relations section (Annual Reports) of the Company's website at http://www.globalshiplease.com or on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Shareholders may request a hard copy of the audited financial statements free of charge by contacting the Company at info@globalshiplease.com or by writing to Global Ship Lease, Inc, c/o GSL Enterprises Ltd., 9 Irodou Attikou Street, Kifisia, Athens, 14561.

About Global Ship Lease

Global Ship Lease is a leading independent owner of containerships with a diversified fleet of mid-sized and smaller containerships. Incorporated in the Marshall Islands, Global Ship Lease commenced operations in December 2007 with a business of owning and chartering out containerships under fixed-rate charters to top tier container liner companies. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in August 2008.

Our fleet of 69 vessels as of September 30, 2025 had an average age weighted by TEU capacity of 18.0 years. 39 ships are wide-beam Post-Panamax.

As of September 30, 2025, the average remaining term of the Company's charters, to the mid-point of redelivery, including options under the Company's control and other than if a redelivery notice has been received, was 2.5 years on a TEU-weighted basis. Contracted revenue on the same basis was $1.92 billion. Contracted revenue was $2.40 billion, including options under charterers' control and with latest redelivery date, representing a weighted average remaining term of 3.1 years.

Reconciliation of Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we use certain "non-GAAP financial measures" as such term is defined in Regulation G promulgated by the SEC. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company's operating performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes or includes amounts that are included in, or excluded from, the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We believe that the presentation of these measures provides investors with greater transparency and supplemental data relating to our financial condition and results of operations, and therefore a more complete understanding of factors affecting our business and financial performance than U.S. GAAP measures alone. In addition, we believe that the presentation of these matters is useful to investors for period-to-period comparison of results as the items may reflect certain unique and/or non-operating items or items outside of our control.

We believe that the presentation of the following non-U.S. GAAP financial measures is useful to investors because they are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry.

A. Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA represents net income available to common shareholders before interest income and expense, earnings allocated to preferred shares, depreciation and amortization of drydocking net costs, gains or losses on the sale of vessels, amortization of intangible liabilities, charges for share based compensation, fair value adjustment on derivative assets, income tax, and the effect of the straight lining of time charter modifications. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-U.S. GAAP quantitative measure used to assist in the assessment of our ability to generate cash from our operations. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors because it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry. Adjusted EBITDA is not defined in U.S. GAAP and should not be considered to be an alternative to net income or any other financial metric required by such accounting principles. Our use of Adjusted EBITDA may vary from the use of similarly titled measures by others in our industry.

Adjusted EBITDA is presented herein both on a historic basis and on a forward-looking basis in certain instances. We do not provide a reconciliation of such forward looking non-U.S. GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure due to the inherent difficulty in accurately forecasting and quantifying certain amounts necessary for such reconciliation, and we are not able to provide such reconciliation of such forward-looking non-U.S. GAAP financial measure without unreasonable effort and expense.

ADJUSTED EBITDA - UNAUDITED

(thousands of U.S. dollars)

  Three Three Nine Nine 
  months ended months ended months ended months ended 
  September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 
      
Net income available to Common Shareholders92,635 78,763 306,698 253,912 
      
Adjust:Depreciation and amortization30,696 24,965 90,817 73,775 
 Loss/(gain on sale of vessels)14 - (28,329)- 
 Amortization of intangible liabilities(3,355)(1,518)(9,888)(4,523)
 Fair value adjustment on derivative asset1,106 4,193 3,937 4,957 
 Interest income(5,434)(4,705)(13,305)(12,532)
 Interest expense9,542 12,540 30,005 32,883 
 Share based compensation2,120 2,122 6,364 6,582 
 Earnings allocated to preferred shares2,384 2,384 7,152 7,152 
 Income Tax- - - 1 
 Effect from straight lining time charter modifications483 4,605 3,221 8,854 
Adjusted EBITDA130,191 123,349 396,672 371,061 

B. Normalized net income

Normalized net income represents net income available to common shareholders after adjusting for certain non-recurring items. Normalized net income is a non-U.S. GAAP quantitative measure which we believe will assist investors and analysts who often adjust reported net income for items that do not affect operating performance or operating cash generated. Normalized net income is not defined in U.S. GAAP and should not be considered to be an alternate to net income or any other financial metric required by such accounting principles. Our use of Normalized net income may vary from the use of similarly titled measures by others in our industry.

NORMALIZED NET INCOME – UNAUDITED

(thousands of U.S. dollars)

  ThreeThreeNine Nine 
  months endedmonths endedmonths ended months ended 
  September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 
      
Net income available to Common Shareholders92,63578,763306,698 253,912 
      
Adjust:Fair value adjustment on derivative assets1,1064,1933,937 4,957 
 Loss/(gain) on sale of vessels14-(28,329)- 
 Acceleration of deferred financing costs on full repayment of Credit Facilities/Sale and Leaseback agreements-2,757- 2,757 
 Prepayment fee on full repayment of Sale and Leaseback Agreement-CMBFL-$54,000-685- 685 
 Accelerated write off of deferred financing charges related to full repayment of ESUN Credit Facility--102 - 
 Accelerated write off of deferred financing charges related to full repayment of Macquarie Credit Facility--216 - 
 Accelerated write off of deferred financing charges related to full repayment of HCOB-CACIB Credit Facility--382 - 
 Prepayment fee on partial/full repayment of Macquarie Credit Facility-185175 185 
 Effect from new stock-based compensation awards plus acceleration and forfeit of certain stock-based compensation awards--- (201)
      
Normalized net income93,75586,583283,181 262,295 
       

C. Normalized Earnings per Share

Normalized Earnings per Share represents Earnings per Share after adjusting for certain non-recurring items. Normalized Earnings per Share is a non-U.S. GAAP quantitative measure which we believe will assist investors and analysts who often adjust reported Earnings per Share for items that do not affect operating performance or operating cash generated. Normalized Earnings per Share is not defined in U.S. GAAP and should not be considered to be an alternate to Earnings per Share as reported or any other financial metric required by such accounting principles. Our use of Normalized Earnings per Share may vary from the use of similarly titled measures by others in our industry.

NORMALIZED EARNINGS PER SHARE – UNAUDITED

 ThreeThreeNine Nine
 months endedmonths endedmonths ended months ended
 September 30, 2025September 30, 2024September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
     
EPS as reported (USD)2.592.228.60 7.20
Normalized net income adjustments-Class A common shares (in thousands USD)1,1207,820(23,517)8,383
Weighted average number of Class A Common shares35,757,18535,411,55335,651,708 35,272,574
Adjustment on EPS (USD)0.030.23(0.66)0.24
Normalized EPS (USD)2.622.457.94 7.44
      

Dividend Policy

The declaration and payment of dividends will be subject at all times to the discretion of the Company's Board of Directors. The timing and amount of dividends, if any, will depend on the Company's earnings, financial condition, cash flow, capital requirements, growth opportunities, restrictions in its loan agreements and financing arrangements, the provisions of Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends, and other factors. For further information on the Company's dividend policy, please see its most recent Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Safe Harbor Statement

This communication contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements provide Global Ship Lease's current expectations or forecasts of future events. Forward-looking statements include statements about Global Ship Lease's expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, intentions, assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. Words or phrases such as "anticipate", "believe", "continue", "estimate", "expect", "intend", "may", "ongoing", "plan", "potential", "predict", "should", "project", "will" or similar words or phrases, or the negatives of those words or phrases, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions that may be incorrect, and Global Ship Lease cannot assure you that these projections included in these forward-looking statements will come to pass. Actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors.

The risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements. Global Ship Lease's actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements for many reasons specifically as described in Global Ship Lease's filings with the SEC. Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this communication. Global Ship Lease undertakes no obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statement to reflect circumstances or events after the date of this communication or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should, however, review the factors and risks Global Ship Lease describes in the reports it will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this communication.

 
Global Ship Lease, Inc.

Interim Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars except share data)
 
  As of,
  September 30, 2025  December 31, 2024
ASSETS     
CURRENT ASSETS     
Cash and cash equivalents$289,373 $141,375
Time deposits 200,500  26,150
Restricted cash 49,090  55,583
Accounts receivable, net 32,921  12,501
Inventories 13,387  18,905
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 31,851  31,949
Derivative assets 7,823  14,437
Due from related parties 173  342
Total current assets$625,118 $301,242
NON - CURRENT ASSETS     
Vessels in operation$1,895,735 $1,884,640
Advances for vessels' acquisitions and other additions 7,418  18,634
Deferred dry dock and special survey costs, net 101,871  91,939
Other non - current assets 13,936  20,155
Derivative assets, net of current portion 544  5,969
Restricted cash, net of current portion 23,223  50,666
Total non-current assets 2,042,727  2,072,003
TOTAL ASSETS$2,667,845 $2,373,245
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY     
CURRENT LIABILITIES     
Accounts payable$42,608 $26,334
Accrued liabilities 43,223  46,926
Current portion of long-term debt 147,567  145,276
Current portion of deferred revenue 51,119  44,742
Due to related parties 716  723
Total current liabilities$285,233 $264,001
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES     
Long-term debt, net of current portion and deferred financing costs$577,783 $538,781
Intangible liabilities-charter agreements 55,530  49,431
Deferred revenue, net of current portion 32,337  57,551
Total non-current liabilities 665,650  645,763
Total liabilities$950,883 $909,764
Commitments and Contingencies -  -
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY     
Class A common shares - authorized

214,000,000 shares with a $0.01 par value

35,770,652 shares issued and outstanding (2024 – 35,447,370 shares)
$358 $355
Series B Preferred Shares - authorized

104,000 shares with a $0.01 par value

43,592 shares issued and outstanding (2024 – 43,592 shares)
 -  -
Additional paid in capital 686,659  680,743
Retained earnings 1,026,842  773,759
Accumulated other comprehensive income 3,103  8,624
Total shareholders' equity 1,716,962  1,463,481
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY$2,667,845 $2,373,245
      



Global Ship Lease, Inc.

Interim Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)
 
 Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
 2025  2024  2025  2024 
OPERATING REVENUES           
Time charter revenues$189,313  $172,546  $565,614  $524,099 
Amortization of intangible liabilities-charter agreements 3,355   1,518   9,888   4,523 
Total Operating Revenues 192,668   174,064   575,502   528,622 
            
OPERATING EXPENSES:           
Vessel operating expenses (include related party vessel operating expenses of $6,194 and $5,481 for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $17,660 and $16,289 for each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively) 52,050   46,590   152,569   141,628 
Time charter and voyage expenses (include related party time charter and voyage expenses of $2,781 and $2,170 for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $6,500 and $6,487 for each of the nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively) 6,960   6,420   18,563   17,051 
Depreciation and amortization 30,696   24,965   90,817   73,775 
General and administrative expenses 3,745   3,900   12,419   13,038 
Loss/(gain) on sale of vessels 14   -   (28,329)  - 
Operating Income 99,203   92,189   329,463   283,130 
            
NON-OPERATING INCOME/(EXPENSES)           
Interest income 5,434   4,705   13,305   12,532 
Interest and other finance expenses (9,542)  (12,540)  (30,005)  (32,883)
Other income, net 1,030   986   5,024   3,243 
Fair value adjustment on derivative asset (1,106)  (4,193)  (3,937)  (4,957)
Total non-operating expenses (4,184)  (11,042)  (15,613)  (22,065)
Income before income taxes 95,019   81,147   313,850   261,065 
Income taxes -   -   -   (1)
Net Income 95,019   81,147   313,850   261,064 
Earnings allocated to Series B Preferred Shares (2,384)  (2,384)  (7,152)  (7,152)
Net Income available to Common Shareholders$92,635  $78,763  $306,698  $253,912 
                



Global Ship Lease, Inc.

Interim Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)
 
  Three months ended September 30,  Nine months ended September 30,
  2025   2024   2025   2024 
Cash flows from operating activities:           
Net income$95,019  $81,147  $313,850  $261,064 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:           
Depreciation and amortization$30,696  $24,965  $90,817  $73,775 
Loss/(gain) on sale of vessels 14   -   (28,329)  - 
Amounts reclassified to other comprehensive income -   326   -   877 
Amortization of derivative assets' premium 826   1,178   2,775   3,473 
Amortization of deferred financing costs 720   3,598   2,977   5,920 
Amortization of intangible liabilities-charter agreements (3,355)  (1,518)  (9,888)  (4,523)
Fair value adjustment on derivative asset 1,106   4,193   3,937   4,957 
Prepayment fees on debt repayment -   870   175   870 
Stock-based compensation expense 2,120   2,122   6,364   6,582 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:           
(Increase)/decrease in accounts receivable and other assets$(3,860) $7,326  $(14,102) $2,837 
Decrease/(increase) in inventories 4,693   (186)  5,518   7 
Increase in derivative asset -   (81)  (194)  (109)
Increase in accounts payable and other liabilities 809   11,088   14,549   10,949 
Decrease in related parties' balances, net 666   477   162   121 
Decrease in deferred revenue (8,831)  (1,159)  (18,837)  (15,613)
Payments for drydocking and special survey costs (8,172)  (16,137)  (35,276)  (26,879)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss/(gain) -   3   -   (1)
Net cash provided by operating activities$112,451  $118,212  $334,498  $324,307 
Cash flows from investing activities:           
Acquisition of vessels$-  $-  $(61,541) $- 
Cash paid for vessel expenditures (2,831)  (4,647)  (12,630)  (9,350)
Advances for vessel acquisitions and other additions (424)  (4,466)  (2,772)  (11,993)
Net proceeds from sale of vessels -   -   53,483   - 
Time deposits (acquired)/withdrawn (185,500)  26,550   (174,350)  (12,450)
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities$(188,755) $17,437  $(197,810) $(33,793)
Cash flows from financing activities:           
Proceeds from drawdown of credit facilities -   300,000   218,500   300,000 
Repayment of credit facilities/sale and leaseback (36,892)  (41,982)  (107,781)  (144,045)
Repayment of refinanced debt, including prepayment fees -   (292,010)  (70,393)  (292,010)
Deferred financing costs paid -   (2,625)  (2,185)  (2,625)
Net proceeds from offering of Class A common shares, net of offering costs -   652   -   652 
Cancellation of Class A common shares -   -   -   (4,994)
Class A common shares-dividend paid (18,809)  (15,965)  (53,615)  (42,434)
Series B preferred shares-dividend paid (2,384)  (2,384)  (7,152)  (7,152)
Net cash used in financing activities$(58,085) $(54,314) $(22,626) $(192,608)
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (134,389)  81,335   114,062   97,906 
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period 496,075   297,284   247,624   280,713 
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period$361,686  $378,619  $361,686  $378,619 
Supplementary Cash Flow Information:           
Cash paid for interest 12,247   12,654   35,308   43,280 
Cash received from interest rate caps 4,003   6,832   13,136   21,198 
Non-cash investing activities:           
Acquisition of vessels and intangibles -   -   15,987   - 
Non-cash financing activities:           
Unpaid offering costs 445   115   445   115 
Unrealized loss on derivative assets (2,336)  (10,637)  (8,296)  (14,961)
                

Investor and Media Contacts:

IGB Group

Bryan Degnan

646-673-9701

or

Leon Berman

212-477-8438



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